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The 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, also known as Operation Protective Edge (, ''Miv'tza Tzuk Eitan'', lit. "Operation Strong Cliff") was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Hamas-ruled Gaza Strip.〔Though Hamas governs the Gaza Strip, the majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and many human rights organizations) consider Israel to be occupying Gaza, as it controls the region's airspace, coastline and most of its borders.〕 Thereafter, following the IDF Operation Brother's Keeper, Hamas started rocket attacks, targeting Israeli cities and infrastructure, resulting in seven weeks of Israeli operations. The Israeli strikes, the Palestinian rocket attacks and the ground fighting resulted in the death of thousands of people, the vast majority of them Gazans.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ministry of Health: "2145 Palestinians, Including 578, Killed In Israel's Aggression" )〕 The stated aim of the Israeli operation was to stop rocket fire from Gaza into Israel, which increased after an Israeli crackdown on Hamas in the West Bank was launched following the 12 June kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers by two Hamas members.〔Jack Khoury, (Hamas claims responsibility for three Israeli teens' kidnapping and murder' ), ''Haaretz'', 21 August 2014.〕〔('Mashal: Hamas was behind murder of three Israeli teens' ), Ynet, 22 August 2014.〕 Conversely, Hamas's goal was to bring international pressure to bear to lift Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip, end Israel's offensive, obtain a third party to monitor and guarantee compliance with a ceasefire,〔Ehab Zahriyeh, ('Citing past failures, Hamas demands an enforceable cease-fire,' ) Al-Jazeera,July 16, 2014.〕 release Palestinian prisoners and overcome its political isolation.〔('Hamas and Israel cling to their war aims,' ) Deutsche Welle 23 July 2014.〕 Some claim Israel was the first, on 13 June, to break the ceasefire agreement with Hamas that had been in place since November 2012.〔 However, Israel argues its air raids on Gaza are responses to rocket fire from the Gaza Strip.〔('Hamas 'ready for Gaza ceasefire' if Israeli raids stop,' ) BBC News 4 July 2014.〕 On 7 July, after seven Hamas militants died in a tunnel explosion in Khan Yunis which was caused by an Israeli airstrike (per Hamas, Nathan Thrall, BBC and a senior IDF official) or an accidental explosion of their own munitions (per the IDF), Hamas assumed responsibility for rockets fired into Israel and launched 40 rockets towards Israel.〔Christa Case Bryant, ('Ending détente, Hamas takes responsibility for today's spike in rocket fire (+video)' ), Christian Science Monitor, 7 July 2014: "After days of steadily increasing strikes, Hamas militants in Gaza launched at least 40 rockets tonight alone in what appears to be a decision to escalate the conflict. The dramatic spike in rocket attacks is likely to put significant pressure on Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to heed calls for an all-out offensive against the Islamist movement, which Israel and the US consider a terrorist organization. While there has been intermittent rocket fire from Gaza since the cease-fire that ended the November 2012 Pillar of Defense conflict, Israel has credited Hamas with largely doing its best to keep the various militant factions in line. Today, however, Hamas took direct responsibility for the fire for the first time, sending a barrage of dozens of rockets into Israel in the worst day of such violence in two years."〕 The operation officially began the following day, and on 17 July, the operation was expanded to an Israeli ground invasion of Gaza with the stated aim of destroying Gaza's tunnel system;〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28939350 )〕 Israeli ground forces withdrew on 5 August. On 26 August, an open-ended ceasefire was announced. By that date, the IDF reported that Hamas, Islamic Jihad and other militant groups had fired 4,564 rockets and mortars from Gaza into Israel, with over 735 intercepted in flight and shot down by Iron Dome. Most Gazan mortar and rocket fire hit open land, more than 280 fell on areas in Gaza,〔 and 224 struck residential areas.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Operation Protective Edge in numbers )〕〔(Egypt says Gaza truce to begin at 7; Israeli killed in mortar strike ) By Ricky Ben-David, Haviv Rettig Gur and Yifa Yaakov 26 August 2014, Times of Israel〕 Militant rocketry also killed 13 Gazan civilians, 11 of them children.〔('Palestinian armed groups killed civilians on both sides in attacks amounting to war crimes,' ) Amnesty International 26 March 2015〕〔('Unlawful and deadly Rocket and mortar attacks by Palestinian armed groups during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict,' ) Amnesty International, 26 March 2015.〕 The IDF attacked 5,263 targets in Gaza; at least 34 known tunnels were destroyed〔 and two-thirds of Hamas's 10,000-rocket arsenal was used up or destroyed.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/aug/9/rockets-airstrikes-after-gaza-war-truce-collapses/?page=all )〕 Between 2,142〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=IOF Declare Intentions to Commit further Violations of International Law in Gaza under International Silence Al Mezan: 2,142 Killed; 516 Children and 295 Women since 7 July )〕 and 2,310〔 Gazans were killed and between 10,626〔 and 10,895〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Statistics: Victims of the Israeli Offensive on Gaza since 8 July 2014 )〕 were wounded (including 3,374 children, of whom over 1,000 were left permanently disabled〔(''Operation Protective Edge: A war waged on Gaza's children,'' ) Defence for Children International-Palestine, Ramallah, April 16, 2015.〕). 66 Israeli soldiers, 5 Israeli civilians (including one child)〔(Israeli child 'killed by rocket fired from Gaza' ), BBC〕 and one Thai civilian were killed〔 and 469 IDF soldiers and 261 Israeli civilians were injured.〔 The Gaza Health Ministry, UN and some human rights groups reported that 69–75% of the Palestinian casualties were civilians;〔〔〔 Israeli officials estimated that around 50% of those killed were civilians.〔 On 5 August, OCHA stated that 520,000 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip (approximately 30% of its population) might have been displaced, of whom 485,000 needed emergency food assistance and 273,000 were taking shelter in 90 UN-run schools. The UN calculated that more than 7,000 homes for 10,000 families were razed, together with an additional 89,000 homes damaged, of which roughly 10,000 were severely affected by the bombing.〔('UN doubles estimate of destroyed Gaza homes,' ) Ynet 19 December 2015.〕 Rebuilding costs were calculated to run from 4-6 billions dollars, over 20 years.〔('Housing group: 20 years to rebuild Gaza after fighting with Israel ,' ) Haaretz 30 August 2014.〕 In Israel, an estimated 5,000〔 to 8,000 citizens temporarily fled their homes due to the threat of rocketry from Gaza.〔Nidal al-Mughrabi and Allyn Fisher-Ilan.("Israel, Palestinians launch new three-day truce" ), Reuters; 10 August 2014.〕 The economic cost of the operation is estimated at NIS 8.5 billion (approximately 2.5 billion USD) and GDP loss of 0.4%.〔 At the conclusion of hostilities 3,000-3,700 claims for damages had been submitted by Israelis, and $41 million paid out for property damage and missed work days.〔 Reconstruction costs were estimated at approximately $11 million.〔('The economic cost of the war in Gaza, ) CNN News 29 August 2014〕 == Background == (詳細はAriel Sharon unilaterally withdrew Israeli forces and settlements from the Gaza Strip.〔('The Guardian view on the causes of the fighting in Gaza' ), ''The Guardian'', 25 July 2014.〕 Nonetheless, the ICRC,〔: "Even though Israel has not had a permanent presence in Gaza since its official disengagement in 2005, it has in fact maintained effective control over the Strip and its borders since 1967."〕 the UN and various human rights organizations〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/droi/dv/201/201102/20110207_510inquiry_en.pdf ): "Amnesty International has repeatedly highlighted that Israel remains the occupying power in the Gaza Strip, due to its continuing control of Gaza's land crossings, air space, and territorial waters, as well as the 'buffer zone' inside the Gaza Strip."〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/10/28/israel-disengagement-will-not-end-gaza-occupation )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/gaza_status )〕 consider Israel to still be the ''de facto'' occupying power due to its control of Gaza's borders, air space and territorial waters.〔 page 16〕 The following year, Hamas won a majority of seats in the Palestinian legislative elections. The outcome disconcerted Israel, the United States and the Quartet, and they demanded Hamas accept all previous agreements, recognize Israel's right to exist, and renounce violence; when Hamas refused, they cut off aid to the Palestinian Authority. In mid-2006 an Israeli soldier was captured by Hamas in a cross-border raid. The United States, in response to Fatah moves in October 2006 to form a unity government with Hamas, tried to undo the elections by arming Fatah to overthrow Hamas in Gaza.〔Nathan Thrall,('Our Man in Palestine,' ) The New York Review of Books, 14 October 2010: 'Dayton, meanwhile, was overseeing the recruitment, training, and equipping of Abbas's rapidly expanding security forces. Khaled Meshaal, chief of Hamas's politburo, delivered a fiery speech denouncing "the security coup" as a "conspiracy" supported by "the Zionists and the Americans"—charges Fatah denied. In February 2007, on the brink of civil war, Fatah and Hamas leaders traveled to Mecca, where they agreed to form a national unity government, a deal the US opposed because it preferred that Fatah continue to isolate Hamas. Fayyad became finance minister in the new government, despite, he says, American pressure not to join. The Peruvian diplomat Alvaro de Soto, former UN envoy to the Quartet, wrote in a confidential "End of Mission Report" that the violence between Hamas and Fatah could have been avoided had the US not strongly opposed Palestinian reconciliation. "The US", he wrote, "clearly pushed for a confrontation between Fateh and Hamas."'〕 Hamas preempted the coup and took complete power by force.〔: '"We need to reform the Palestinian security apparatus," Dayton said, according to the notes. "But we also need to build up your forces in order to take on Hamas." … A State Department official adds, "Those in charge of implementing the policy were saying, ‘Do whatever it takes. We have to be in a position for Fatah to defeat Hamas militarily, and only Muhammad Dahlan has the guile and the muscle to do this.' The expectation was that this was where it would end up—with a military showdown." There were, this official says, two "parallel programs"—the overt one, which the administration took to Congress, "and a covert one, not only to buy arms but to pay the salaries of security personnel." In essence, the program was simple. According to State Department officials, beginning in the latter part of 2006, Rice initiated several rounds of phone calls and personal meetings with leaders of four Arab nations—Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. She asked them to bolster Fatah by providing military training and by pledging funds to buy its forces lethal weapons. The money was to be paid directly into accounts controlled by President Abbas. The scheme bore some resemblance to the Iran-contra scandal, in which members of Ronald Reagan's administration sold arms to Iran, an enemy of the U.S. The money was used to fund the contra rebels in Nicaragua, in violation of a congressional ban. Some of the money for the contras, like that for Fatah, was furnished by Arab allies as a result of U.S. lobbying. But there are also important differences—starting with the fact that Congress never passed a measure expressly prohibiting the supply of aid to Fatah and Dahlan. "It was close to the margins," says a former intelligence official with experience in covert programs. "But it probably wasn't illegal." Legal or not, arms shipments soon began to take place.'〕 Israel then defined Gaza as a "hostile territory" forming no part of a sovereign state and put Gaza under a comprehensive economic and political blockade,〔Elizabeth Spelman, ('The Legality of the Israeli Naval Blockade of the Gaza Strip' ), ''Web Journal of Current Legal Issues'', Vol 19, No 1, 2013〕 which also denied access to a third of its arable land and 85% of its fishing areas. It has led to considerable economic damage and humanitarian problems in Gaza.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/12/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_june_2012_english.pdf )〕 The overwhelming consensus of international institutions is that the blockade is a form of collective punishment and illegal.〔 * "(UN independent panel rules Israel blockade of Gaza illegal )", ''Haaretz'' (story by Reuters), 13 September 2011. * * * 〕 Israel maintains that the blockade is legal and necessary to limit Palestinian rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip on its cities and to prevent Hamas from obtaining other weapons.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/lifestyle/7813-israel-tightens-its-blockade-of-gaza-for-security-reasons )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.borgenmagazine.com/gazas-tunnel-economy/ )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/10202756 )〕〔("Position paper on the naval blockade on Gaza." ) 8 September 2010.〕 Israel carried out Operation Cast Lead in December 2008 with the stated aim of stopping rocket attacks from Hamas militants. It led to a decrease in Palestinian rocket attacks. The UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict concluded that the operation was "a deliberately disproportionate attack designed to punish, humiliate and terrorize a civilian population, radically diminish its local economic capacity both to work and to provide for itself, and to force upon it an ever increasing sense of dependency and vulnerability".〔 page 408〕 The Israeli government's analysis concludes that the report perverts international law to serve a political agenda and sends a "legally unfounded message to states everywhere confronting terrorism that international law has no effective response to offer them".〔(Initial Response to Report of the Fact Finding Mission on Gaza ), Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs; accessed 22 November 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2014 Israel–Gaza conflict」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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